United States Declaration of Independence
- Snippet from Wikipedia: United States Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence, formally titled The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America in the engrossed version and original printing, is the founding document of the United States. On July 4, 1776, it was adopted unanimously by the 56 delegates to the Second Continental Congress, who convened at Pennsylvania State House, later renamed Independence Hall, in the colonial era capital of Philadelphia. These delegates became known as the nation's Founding Fathers. The Declaration explains why the Thirteen Colonies regarded themselves as independent sovereign states no longer subject to British colonial rule, and has become one of the most circulated, reprinted, and influential documents in history.
On June 11, 1776, the Second Continental Congress appointed the Committee of Five, including John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Robert R. Livingston, and Roger Sherman, who were charged with authoring the Declaration. Adams, a leading proponent of independence, persuaded the Committee to charge Jefferson with writing the document's original draft, which the Second Continental Congress then edited. Jefferson largely wrote the Declaration in isolation between June 11 and June 28, 1776, from the second floor he was renting at a three-story home at present-day 700 Market Street in Philadelphia.
The Declaration was a formal explanation of why the Continental Congress voted to declare American independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. It was adopted by the Congress during the American Revolutionary War, which commenced in April 1775 with the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Two days prior to the Declaration's adoption, the Second Continental Congress passed the Lee Resolution, which established the consensus of the Congress that the British had no governing authority over the Thirteen Colonies. The Declaration justified the independence of the colonies, citing 27 colonial grievances against King George III and asserting certain natural and legal rights, including a right of revolution.
The Declaration was unanimously ratified on July 4 by the Second Continental Congress, whose delegates represented each of the Thirteen Colonies. In ratifying and signing it, the delegates knew they were committing an act of high treason against The Crown, which was deemed the most serious criminal offense and was punishable by torture and death. Congress then issued the Declaration of Independence in several forms. Two days following its ratification, on July 8, it was published by The Pennsylvania Evening Post. The first public readings of the Declaration occurred simultaneously on July 8, 1776, at noon, at three previously designated three locations: in Trenton, New Jersey; Easton, Pennsylvania; and Philadelphia, where it was read by John Nixon in the yard of present-day Independence Hall.
The Declaration was published in several forms. The printed Dunlap broadside, which Jefferson called his "original Rough draft" and includes changes made by Adams and Franklin and Jefferson's notes of changes made by Congress, was widely distributed following its signing. It is now preserved at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. The signed copy of the Declaration is now on display at the National Archives in Washington, D.C., and is generally considered the official document; this copy, engrossed by Timothy Matlack, was ordered by Congress on July 19, and signed primarily on August 2, 1776.
The Declaration has proven an influential and globally impactful statement on human rights. The Declaration was viewed by Abraham Lincoln as the moral standard to which the United States should strive, and he considered it to be the foundation of his political philosophy, arguing that the Declaration is a statement of principles through which the Constitution should be interpreted.: 126 In 1863, following the Battle of Gettysburg, the deadliest battle of both the American Civil War and American military history with over 50,000 combined Union and Confederate fatalities, Lincoln made the Declaration the centerpiece of his Gettysburg Address, an enduring 271-word statement dedicating Gettysburg National Cemetery, which is widely considered among the most famous speeches in American history.
The Declaration's second sentence, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness", is considered one of the most significant and famed lines in world history. University of Wisconsin–Madison communications professor Stephen Lucas has called it "one of the best-known sentences in the English language", and Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Joseph Ellis has written that the Declaration contains "the most potent and consequential words in American history."